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blog1.7:A massive new study reviews the evidence on whether campaigning works. The answer's bleak.

1. Broockman and Kallie found that no one targeted in campaigns are actually persuaded. But, they found that campaign activities can persuade other voters if they have already made their mind up about a candidate.
2. Broockman and Kalla conducted their studies during the special election of 2015 and the election of 2016.
3. With campaigns close to elections, the campaign activities had a negative 1.9 percentage point effect on the American voters.
4. The results from activities months before elections created a persuasive effect of near zero on voters, while activities closer to the election had a major effect on voter's opinions.
5. Primaries are the campaign activities that are most likely to impact voter outcomes.
6. According to Broockman and Kalla's study, canvassing has little to no effect on voter opinion in general elections.
7. Candidates can learn that they can appeal to voters during general elections if they change their positions on certain policies.
8. In the 2015 election, impressive numbers came from the Washington legislature. In the 2016 election, impressive numbers came from the North Carolina legislature. This proves that primary election persuasion with skilled organization is possible and useful.
9. Voter registration efforts cost around $60 per vote, which is more expensive than turnout efforts.
10. Persuasion efforts can create a possible two votes by stripping one vote from the opposing campaign.

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